Difference between “civil rights movement” and “freedom movement”: CR efforts to secure equal rights under law (Acts of ’64, ’65); FM larger idea to achieve rights, liberties, and consciousness, challenge systems and thinkings beyond laws (3)

Concept of nonviolence a series of “aggressive confrontations”, not passive

King’s house was armed, highlighting a common paradox: “black people are human beings” and respond to terror the same as others (7)

Difference between media categories/labels (militant, activist, etc.) and the regular people in the movement not in leadership; due to South’s gun culture guns were more prevalent and less controversial

FDR’s Four Freedoms for everyone: speech, religion, against want and fear; undermined conservative Jeffersonian states rights and way of life in South

1946 Columbia Tennessee riots started from store fight and ended with blacks defending themselves; showed will to fight

Pershing’s 1918 memo objected to U.S. black soldiers under French command being treated equally: “The increasing number of negroes in the United States would create for the white race in the Republic a menace of degeneracy were it not that an impassable gulf has been made between them….The vices of the Negro are a constant menace to the American who has to repress them sternly.”

Difference between guns for self-defense vs punitive retaliation (129). “The necessities of survival blurred the line separating their organizational commitment to nonviolence from armed self-defense.” 130

“The decision of what to do centered not on the choice between nonviolence and violence but on the question of what response was best in each situation. Most often, moreover, there was very little time to decide.” … “What was always at play was the common sense of survival… Flight when necessary was not cowardice, just as shooting it out hopelessly in the name of “manhood” was not always courage.” (145-6)

Black Panthers emerged from Lowndes County Freedom Organization, an MS offshoot of the Democrats disillusioned after rejection at 1964 DNC in Atlantic City

Conflict in urging Mississippi blacks to vote for “moderate” whites over blacks; though no LCFO candidates won in 1966, voter registration jumped from one in 1965 to 2,000 in 1966.